A Parsing Scheme for Finding the Design Pattern and Reducing the Development Cost of Reusable Object Oriented Software

Because of the importance of object oriented methodologies, the research in developing new measure for object oriented system development is getting increased focus. The most of the metrics need to find the interactions between the objects and modules for developing necessary metric and an influential software measure that is attracting the software developers, designers and researchers. In this paper a new interactions are defined for object oriented system. Using these interactions, a parser is developed to analyze the existing architecture of the software. Within the design model, it is necessary for design classes to collaborate with one another. However, collaboration should be kept to an acceptable minimum i.e. better designing practice will introduce low coupling. If a design model is highly coupled, the system is difficult to implement, to test and to maintain overtime. In case of enhancing software, we need to introduce or remove module and in that case coupling is the most important factor to be considered because unnecessary coupling may make the system unstable and may cause reduction in the system's performance. So coupling is thought to be a desirable goal in software construction, leading to better values for external software qualities such as maintainability, reusability and so on. To test this hypothesis, a good measure of class coupling is needed. In this paper, based on the developed tool called Design Analyzer we propose a methodology to reuse an existing system with the objective of enhancing an existing Object oriented system keeping the coupling as low as possible.Comment: 15 page

Abrasion on Concrete Surfaces Caused by Hydraulic Loading with Water-Borne Sands

Hydraulic structures play an important role in regulation and transport of water in reservoirs as well as open channels. They are also useful for flow measurement. Examples of such structures include spillways, stilling basins, weirs, gates, and culverts. These structures commonly have concrete surfaces. Under the impacts of water flow, the concrete surfaces suffer inevitably from abrasive erosion. This is particularly problematic for ageing structures under the impacts of flowing water with suspended sediment in high concentrations. Severe abrasion can cause structural deterioration, leading to a shortened service life. It may not be possible to completely prevent abrasion in hydraulic structures. However, it is possible to reduce abrasion by using proper repairing materials. This study is aimed at investigating different types of repairing materials, with respect to their suitability as a protective layer on existing concrete surfaces. This study takes the experimental approach. Concrete specimens of cylindrical shape were cast using four types of materials: 1) a premium quality concrete mix of Portland cement, 2) latex modified repair material, 3) silica fume fibre-reinforced repair material, and 4) fly ash fibre-reinforced repair material. The concrete specimens were allowed to harden for a period of up to 28 days. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out, where the flat circular surface at the top of the concrete cylinders was subject to direct impact (for 3 to 9 hours) from a high-speed jet of a sand and water mixture from a nozzle. Material mass loss was determined as well as the depth of jet-induced abrasion on the top surface, abraded surface topography and abraded material volume, were measured using 3D scan technology. These measurements were analyzed using ArcGIS tools, and MATLAB functions. Evaluations of how well the concrete specimens resisted abrasive erosion were determined through comparisons. The results show that in terms of abrasion resistance, the silica fume material is the best among the four types of materials, whereas the concrete mix is the poorest. The results also show that abrasion resistance of the concrete specimens increases when they have had sufficient time to age to their maximum structural integrity. A longer exposure to jet flow leads to higher abrasion. This study is perhaps the first to combine 3D scan and ArcGIS technologies to investigate abrasion depth and volume of different concrete materials. This study has led to the development of effective methods for data analysis and interpretation

Structural Analysis and material selection for biocompatible cantilever beam in soft robotic nanomanipulator

This paper investigates the selection of appropriate materials for cantilever beams in surgical robotic nanomanipulators. Cantilever beams play a crucial role in soft robotic surgery. Biocompatible materials, which have minimal adverse effects on biological systems, are commonly used for these beams. Using SOLIDWORKS software simulation, the study assesses the flexibility of cantilever beams made from different biocompatible materials. The analysis involves varying the applied force (0.001 µN to 0.004 µN), beam length (80 µm, 120 µm, and 160 µm), and beam thickness (0.4 µm, 0.6 µm, and 0.8 µm). Four materials—Alumina, Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK), Polyurethane (PUR), and Ti-6Al-4V—are evaluated. Simulation results highlight Polyurethane (PUR) as a suitable material for cantilever beams in nanomanipulators due to its favorable properties. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and advancement of efficient and reliable robotic nanomanipulators, advancing the field of soft robotic surgery

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Facial Recognition-Based Entry System for Student Residence Halls: Enhancing Security and Accessibility

Protecting an organization from numerous threats both inside and outside is the primary function of the security system. Automated embedded systems have come a long way in the contemporary era and have shown to be highly beneficial in applications related to security and surveillance. Face recognition is one of the study fields in computer vision, which is commonly used in security systems for video surveillance. Even though facial recognition technology has advanced significantly and is employed in several significant applications, numerous challenges need to be solved. These challenges include changes in posture, occlusions, expression, aging, lighting, and other elements. Deep learning can be useful in these situations. By using several processing layers to develop data representations with multiple feature extraction layers, deep learning may achieve higher accuracy. With the purpose of providing better security for student residence halls, in this work, we present a real-time deep learning-based facial recognition system that can be used to identify an individual's identity and give a warning when the individual's face is not recognized in front of the system. Here, faces from the face database are matched in order to identify students based on a video of their arrival into the residence halls. This process begins with face detection and ends with face recognition. We used a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model Multi-Task Cascaded Convolutional Neural Networks (MTCNN) for face detection and recognizing faces using the Google FaceNet model. The model was trained on around 3000 photos, taken by 30 distinct people

Perceived Factors Analysis for Depression and Suicidal Ideation among Bangladeshi University Students Using Association Algorithm

Depression stands as a prominent and prevalent mental health issue, representing a significant global public health concern. Its emergence can be attributed to diverse factors. Suicide stands as a prominent global cause of death, eliciting concern on a widespread scale. This study was to analyze the perceived factors for depression and suicidal ideation among Bangladeshi university students in Bangladesh. There are so many factors such as Loneliness, Hopelessness, Helplessness, Relationship Issues, Grade problems, Academic Pressure, Parental problems, Money problems, Social Comparison, Social Media Influence, Family Expectations, Lack of Sleep, Uncertain Future, Health Issues, Bullying, Substance Abuse and Unemployment etc. These factors vary among male and female students. Apriori association algorithm were used to calculate support, confidence and lift of factors sets. Frequent factors sets and relationship were found from the work using Apriori association algorithm. The work is an online survey-based study about psychological and stress status of participants and statistical analysis is used for concluding the results. The research participants are Bangladeshi university students, Data collection carried out by online questionnaire. The findings from data analysis indicated that academic pressure (72.41%), uncertain future (56.32%), hopelessness (48.28%), family expectation (47.13%), financial crisis (42.53%), loneliness (41.38%) and unemployment (37.93%) are the key factors. The prevention of suicides is achievable. Hence, identifying depression and forecasting the potential for suicide risk serves as a means to prevent instances of self-harm within the university student population

Exploring two pandemics in academic arena: physical activity and sedentary behaviors profile of university students in Bangladesh

The overlay of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pandemic of physical inactivity has become a great concern. Both types of pandemics can decrease the health protection capacity and consequently increase complexity in human lives. This cross-sectional study intended to examine changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among university students in a second-tier city of Bangladesh. Two hundred and nine students responded to an online questionnaire administered via Google Survey. In addition to descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric tests for comparing means, medians and distributions were used to assess differences in activity traits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that the occurrence of COVID-19 has significantly reduced the practice of walking and physical activities among the students. They are commonly motivated by introjected regulation. Father’s occupation and the type of family of a student have significant influences on the total physical activity in either situation. Bangladeshi university students have, particularly, been perceived as not generally used to vigorous physical activities. They are inactive compared to students from other countries. Thus, the public health policymakers and the corresponding authority should inspire the students to be more physically active by implementing different strategies such as increasing bicycling and walking facilities on the campu